Olga M. Nuñeza1 and Elvin Sansona1*

1Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology

*Corresponding Author

Abstract: The Philippines is an archipelago of about 7,600 islands that houses a staggering number of endemic species unique to a particular island, island group, and to the country. The high level of endemism and diversity are results of the archipelago’s unique geological history and isolation from Asia mainland. Mt. Balatukan is a massive potentially active compound stratovolcano located in Northern Mindanao which stands around 2,560 meters above sea level is an Important Bird Area.. This study aims to conduct an inventory of birds on Mt. Balatukan  using modified point-count method to record all seen and heard birds along a 200-meter transect line  in existing foot paths, trails and roads. Sampling was conducted twice a day using visual and acoustic observation. A total of 1,089 birds were recorded belonging to 172 species (101 endemic, 71 non endemic), 123 genera and 57 families in 16 orders. Passeriformes was the most diverse order that accounts for 61.05% of total number of species observed. A total of 98 species were recorded inside the protected area while 45 species were documented in the buffer zone and 97 species were noted outside the protected area. The most abundant bird was Asian glossy starling, Aplonis panayensis, a Southeast Asian native bird that forms a large social group during feeding and roosting. Results indicate that Mt. Balatukan Range should be protected both inside and outside of the conservation zone because the birds and other associated wildlife use the area for feeding, breeding, nesting and roosting.

Key Words: Biodiversity, Endangered Species, Ecosystem Services, Protected Species, Threatened Native Species

Gladys Jean J. Casin1, Shiela G. Gonzales1,

Lowell D. Pamatong1 and Rosario L. Reserva*

1 Department of Physics and Complex System Research Center – PRISM,

Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology

*Corresponding Author: rosario.reserva@g.msuiit.edu.ph

Abstract: Several studies on the response of cells in a spatial confinement have been investigated experimentally under external stimuli such that they are triggered to migrate towards or away from these cues. In the case of chemotaxis, the precise control of the chemical landscape presents an inherent challenge. In this work, we present a preliminary investigation on how the slime mold Physarum polycephalum behaves under a microfluidic chemotaxis assay, since microfluidics offers a powerful tool in addressing the limitations of traditional chemotaxis assays. Furthermore, the chemotactic behavior of cells in a microfluidic environment has been investigated using other model organisms such as D. discoideum and E. coli;. There is a limited investigation on the dynamics of Physarum in a microfluidic assay which has been reported. Here we designed and fabricated microfluidic chambers with varying numbers of migratory channels to investigate the plasmodial movement of Physarum polycephalum towards food sources of varied sizes. The average migration speed of the plasmodia as they navigate through the microfluidic chamber was measured via time-lapse microscopy, where the Lévy Stochastic Area (LSA) of the migrating plasmodia was also determined. Results from experiments show that the average speed in reaching the food sources remained consistent across all chamber designs despite the variation of food source size. In addition, a linear increase in the LSA for all designs was observed throughout all experimental trials; it is worth noting that the number of migratory channels did not significantly influence the average LSA. These results suggest a good food-finding ability of Physarum polycephalum under chemotaxis.

Key Words: Physarum polycephalum; microfluidics; chemotaxis

Leo Cristobal C. Ambolode II 1,2, Diamond C. Domato 1,2,*,

Art Anthony Z. Munio 3, Naomi Jane P.

Jacosalem 1,2, and Dexter Rhys T. Fuentes 2

1 Department of Physics, Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology A. Bonifacio Avenue, 9200 Iligan City, Philippines

2 Center for Nanoscience Research, Premier Research Institute of Science and Mathematics (PRISM), Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology, A. Bonifacio Avenue, 9200 Iligan City, Philippines

3 College of Arts and Sciences, Jose Rizal Memorial State University, 7116 Tampilisan, Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines

*Corresponding Author: diamond.domato@g.msuiit.edu.ph

Abstract: Carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs) are exceptional reinforcements for polymer nanocomposites due to their large specific surface area, excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, and superior mechanical properties. When combined with polymer matrices, nanocomposites with enhanced structural and functional properties are produced, making them suitable for various applications. A newly synthesized class of carbon nanomaterials, known as diamond nanothread (DNT), features an extremely high specific surface area, leading to superior interfacial interactions with matrix molecules. Furthermore, these nanothreads exhibit exceptional mechanical properties, making them ideal candidates for reinforcing nanocomposites. In this research, we explore the interaction, electronic, and optical properties of DNT/cellulose nanocomposites using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. We investigate three different configurations of the DNT/cellulose composites. The minimum distances between DNT and cellulose are measured to be 1.97 Å to 2.24 Å, with binding energies between −0.726 eV and −0.797 eV, showing minimal charge transfer. As a result, only slight changes are observed in the electronic structures and optical absorption spectra. The complex's bandgap (~3.7 eV) is slightly lower than that of the isolated DNT (~4 eV), due to the presence of cellulose states in the conduction band minimum, which reduces the overall bandgap of the DNT/cellulose composites. All composite configurations maintain their electronic and optical properties. These findings provide valuable insights into the bonding characteristics, electronic, and optical properties of DNT/cellulose composites, suggesting their potential for developing high-performance and environmentally sustainable materials.

Key Words: polymer nanocomposite; diamond nanothread; cellulose; density functional theory

Francis N. Limbag1, Kirstin Rhys S. Pueblos 1,2 and Mylene M. Uy1,2*

 1 Center for Natural Products and Drug Discovery, PRISM, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City

2Department of Chemistry, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City

*Corresponding Author: mylene.uy@g.msuiit.edu.ph

Abstract: The Philippines, with its extensive coastlines, has only partially explored its marine resources. At the Center for Natural Products and Drug Discovery, a number of marine sponge extracts collected off the coasts of Mindanao have been screened for pro-apoptotic properties against the HCT116 colon cancer cell line. Among these, the aqueous extract of Topsentia sp., coded KL-08NPa, demonstrated significant preliminary pro-apoptotic activity. The crude extract of Topsentia sp. Underwent purification through chromatographic methods, resulting to the isolation of two known polyhydroxylated sterol derivatives topsensterols A and B which exhibited moderate apoptotic activity against colon cancer cell line HCT116.

Key Words: marine sponges; HCT116; Caspase 3/7; pro-apoptotic

Annielyn D. Tampus, Jaime Q. Guihawan, Emilie L. Don

 College of Science and Mathematics Department of Marine Science

Abstract: Mangroves are essential to our everyday existence because they considerably lessen the risks and destruction that typhoons, storm surges, and tsunamis pose to us. Mangroves offer a range of advantages to the environment, economy and society. They play a role, in safeguarding areas supporting biodiversity and capturing carbon dioxide, from the atmosphere. This research aimed to determine the species diversity and abundance of the mangroves present in Sitio Fuentes, Barangay Maria Cristina, Iligan City. The field assessments were done during spring low tides every month from March 2023 – December 2023 using a 50m transect line. A total of two-hundred eighteen (218) sample mangroves belonging to one (1) order, one (1) family, one (1) genera and two (2) species were recorded from the sampling site. Among the species, Rhizophora apiculata was the most dominant species followed by Rhizophora mucronata. Based on the results, mangrove area of Sitio Fuentes, Barangay Maria Cristina, Iligan City falls under the category of low biodiversity. To ensure the survival of the mangrove seedlings and trees, the Mangrove Rehabilitation must be closely watched.

Keywords: Mangroves, Assessment, Monitoring, Rehabilitation

Ivane R. Pedrosa-Gerasmioa,b,*, Rialyn M. Bolosb,

Maria Mojena G. Plasusc, Ephrime B. Metilloa,b

aMarine Science Department, College of Science and Mathematics, MSU – Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines

bMarine Biodiversity Laboratory, Premier Research Institute of Science and MSU – Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines

cCollege of Fisheries and Natural Sciences, Western Philippines University, Aborlan, Palawan, Philippines

Abstract:  Tachypleus tridentatus, locally known as "barangkas" in Palawan, Philippines, was classified globally as "Endangered" in 2019 by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. To aid future conservation efforts for this species, we investigated the genetic diversity and population structure of T. tridentatus in Palawan using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequence data. A total of 72 horseshoe crabs were randomly collected from Barangay San Pedro (n=30) and Barangay San Jose (n=30) in Puerto Princesa City, and Barangay Punta Baja, Rizal (n=6), and Barangay San Jose, Dumaran (n=6) in Palawan, Philippines. The samples varied in size, with prosoma width ranging from 6.4 cm to 34.19 cm and total length ranging from 12.64 cm to 74.3 cm. Those from San Pedro were mostly juveniles, while those from San Jose, Puerto Princesa City, Punta Baja, Rizal, and San Jose, Dumaran were adults. All collected horseshoe crab samples were morphologically identified as T. tridentatus (n = 72). This identification was confirmed by mtDNA sequence data (n = 52), with percent identity ranging from 98.71% to 99.63% compared to T. tridentatus in the database. Eight haplotypes were identified from 52 DNA sequences using the 541 bp mtDNA COI fragment, with three haplotypes shared among locations. Overall sequence variation was relatively low, with only ten polymorphic sites observed. The average gene or haplotype diversity was 0.4263±0.1591, while the average nucleotide diversity was 0.0015±0.0013. Analysis of Molecular Variance showed genetic differentiation among the samples, with a fixation index (FST) of 0.36521 (p-value = 0.000±0.000). Pairwise FSTs indicated that the samples from Punta Baja, Rizal are genetically distinct from those in other locations. The low genetic diversity observed among horseshoe crabs in Palawan indicates an urgent need for measures to protect this species. Moreover, our results suggest an essential need for coordinated management strategies among sites that share common stocks.

Keywords: Horseshoe crab, genetic diversity, mtDNA COI, morphology, population structure, endangered

Charry A. Dumam-ag2, Natalie Kate H. Sciora 2, Luzcell Kae T. Ortiz 1,

Gabriel O. Dayot 2, Kian Shane M. Sabuero 2, Alexander O. Mosqueda 1,2, Rodel D. Guerrero 1,2,  and Ralf Ruffel M. Abarca1,2,*

1 Waste and Resource Management Laboratory, Center for Energy Research and Technology, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology,  Iligan City, Philippines, 9200

2 Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines, 9200

*Corresponding Author: ralfruffel.abarca@g.msuiit.edu.ph;  Tel: +63 (063) 221-4056 local 4188

Abstract: This study investigates the co-pyrolysis of healthcare wastes (face masks and latex gloves) and agricultural wastes (rice straw and corn husk) using thermogravimetric analysis to assess synergistic effects and thermokinetic parameters. The goal is to optimize feedstock blends, reducing activation energy and enhancing synergy to improve fuel production yields. A mixture design approach with feedstock levels from 0 to 1 was employed. Activation energies for the blends ranged  from 9 to 89 kJ/mol, with lower activation energy for plastic decomposition during co-pyrolysis with biomass. Synergy rates of 11-12 %/min were observed for the 50% Corn Husk: 50% Gloves blend. Co-pyrolysis occurred in two stages: biomass degradation at 380°C and plastic degradation between 380 and 620°C. The optimal blend, consisting of 20.5% Rice Straw, 19.5% Corn Husk, 14.7% Face Mask, and 45.3% Gloves, achieved the fastest thermal degradation at 299.52°C (572.67 K) with an activation energy of 51 kJ/mol. FTIR analysis of the optimum blend's pyrolysis oils provided insights into their chemical composition. The heavy fraction contained broad O-H groups, simple molecular structures, and significant C-H groups while the light fraction was composed of complex molecular structures, carbonyl compounds, and high concentrations of volatile hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds. This study highlights the potential for optimizing feedstock blends in co-pyrolysis to enhance fuel production and reduce activation energy.

Key Words: Face mask; Latex gloves; Lignocellulosic biomass; Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters; Coats-Redfern method

Earl Ryan M. Aleluya1, *, Melody Mae O. Maluya2,

Joel G. Opon3 and Carl John O. Salaan4

1 Department of Computer Engineering and Mechatronics, College of Engineering, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology

2 Department of Information Technology, College of Computer Studies, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology

3 Department of Civil Engineering and Technology, College of Engineering, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology

4 Department of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, College of Engineering, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology

*Corresponding Author: earlryan.aleluya@g.msuiit.edu.ph

Abstract: Pavement distress assessment is a critical aspect of road infrastructure maintenance and safety. Traditional methods relying on manual surveys have proven time-consuming, labor-intensive, costly, and prone to human errors. Emerging developments in computer vision and deep learning techniques have opened new avenues for automated pavement distress detection using drones. This paper highlights the limitations of manual survey approaches and explores the integration of innovative imaging techniques and deep learning algorithms to address these challenges. It leverages drone-based computer vision-assisted techniques to detect pavement distress, specifically cracks. The proposed method focuses on three key aspects: road lane detection, rigid pavement panel detection, and crack/non-crack classification. The experimental results showed that the proposed system demonstrated a high accuracy of 96.67% in predicting road pavement conditions. By reducing the reliance on manual surveys, the proposed approach offers a time-efficient and scalable solution for guaranteeing well-maintained road infrastructure.

Key Words: intelligent systems; unmanned aerial vehicles; pavement distress; road transportation; surface cracks

Ralf Ruffel M. Abarca2,3, Jovivre S. Babol1,3, Rene J. Gallardo1,3,

Rodel D. Guerrero1,3*, Kouzvan Kay B. Marcelo1, Princess Claire D. Ochigue1, Karl C. Ondoy3, and Rogin P. Velasquez1,3

 1 Green Materials and Research Laboratory, Center for Energy Research and Technology, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines 9200

2 Waste and Resource management Laboratory, Center for Energy Research and Technology, MSU-Iligan Institute ofTechnology, Iligan City, Philippines 9200

3 Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines 9200

*Corresponding Author: rodel.guerrero@g.msuiit.edu.ph

Abstract: Over the years, pharmaceutical contaminants have continued to become more prevalent in the environment. As a result, antibiotic resistance of microorganisms is most likely to increase because of current wastewater processes’ inability and/or incomplete removal of antibiotics. As a matter of fact, antibiotics are the leading pharmaceutical pollutant in bodies of water all over Southeast Asia with amoxicillin (AMO) found to be present in Laguna Lake, Pasig River and Manila Bay, Philippines. In this study, beads made up of activated carbon and sodium alginate were used for the adsorptive removal of AMO in simulated aqueous solutions. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to determine the effects of contact time, adsorbent loading, AMO initial concentration and pH; as well as to establish the system’s equilibrium time and the best isotherm model. Results showed a great percentage of the initial concentration of the antibiotic used was removed under specified conditions. Langmuir, Freundlich, Henry and Elovich models were then employed to correlate the equilibria data. On the other hand, pseudo-first and second order models were used to describe the kinetic data.

Key Words: pharmaceuticals; wastewater; adsorption; activated carbon; alginate

Adelfa C. Silor1

 1 Department of Technology Teacher Education, College of Education, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology

adelfa.silor@g.msuiit.edu.ph

Abstract: The complex interplay of gender, ethnicity, cultural identity, and socio-economic status deeply hurts Indigenous women all over the world. This is exacerbated because of the historical and contemporary impacts of colonialism, globalization, nationalism, and top-down policies that include the triple burden of economic class, ethnicity, and gender disparities. Other systemic obstacles in the decision-making process of women, therefore leading to reduced access to resources, including entrenching poverty, limited education and job opportunities, poor health services, and augmented risks of abuse. Systemic issues strike deep into women's lives in that women lie at the heart of community reproductive and leadership activities. Moreover, CEDAW specifically highlights the following: women’s empowerment and gender equality, which is a crucial requirement in the quest against hunger and poverty. DepEd Order No. 32, s. 2017, pursues gender-responsive education that sharpens the country based on the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development in the Philippines. The present paper assesses current gender dynamics in the Subanen Tribe of Northern Mindanao, dealing with their traditional gender roles and existing influences in their current educational schemes. Guided by the intersectionality theory and a cultural-historical activity type, through the lens of feminist pedagogy, this paper would like to devise ways that further push the cause of gender equity in education forward. It also proposes recommendations on how best to improve educational achievement and the empowerment of Subanen women and girls using a thematic method through a grounded theory approach.

Key Words: Triple Marginality, Gender Equality, Indigenous Women, CEDAW, Empowerment 

Amabelle A. Embornas 1 , Renebel O. Labadisos 2

 1 Sociology Department, CASS, MSU-IIT

2 Sociology Department, CASS, MSU-IIT

*Corresponding Author: amabelle.embornas@g.msuiit.edu.ph

Abstract: This study describes the employment status of individuals who obtained a Master of Arts in Sociology from MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology in Iligan City. Employing a descriptive method, the research tracked down 42 out of 52 graduates spanning the years 1990 to 2023. The study adapted the Graduate Tracer Study (GTS) by CHED, modifying the data collection instrument for its purposes, through a survey.

The findings indicated that all respondents were gainfully employed, with occupations aligned with their sociology degree. A significant number of participants held the same positions as their initial jobs, often as teachers, faculty members, or instructors. The majority were engaged in full-time employment within the public or government sector. Additionally, many respondents were pursuing further education, both locally and internationally. The respondents overwhelmingly expressed a positive attitude toward the MA Sociology program, highlighting its impact on their personal development and careers. Overall assessments of program elements and physical facilities received exceptionally high ratings.

However, to enhance the program’s attractiveness and improve graduates’; prospects, the study put forth recommendations derived from respondents’; feedback. Suggestions included refining the curriculum by incorporating more immersive activities, organizing additional workshops to enhance research technical skills, and introducing new courses. Furthermore, respondents recommended enhancements to facilities and resources to better support the program and its graduates.

Key Words: tracer study; MA Sociology, employability, state university

Primitivo III Cabanes Ragandang 1

 1 Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology

*Corresponding Author: primitivoiii.ragandang@g.msuiit.edu.ph

Abstract: What happens when, in the course of peace formation, the healing of the past is missed? What role do women play in remembering the past? In this paper, I advance the concept of ‘hypernegative peace’ as a foundational component for peace formation. I argue that ‘hypernegative peace’ occurs when a peace project fails to include in its framework the healing of generational wounds caused by past violence and trauma, including those traumata caused by and during the colonial era. Drawing from the case of the Tausugs’ ballad called parang sabil kissa, this paper explores the role of women in remembering the past. In 1906, the Americans killed hundreds of Tausugs in the massacre in Bud Dajo of Sulu. A century after, the Americans returned to Sulu for a military exercise. Learning about the American’s return, Tausug women expressed resistance by playing the parang sabil kissa in radio stations and government centers. Here, ballads were means of reminding everyone of wounds from the past. As keepers of the ballads, Tausug women’s memorialization of the past not only make them active participants of peace formation but has also brought to the centre the role of ballads for intergenerational healing of the past.

Key Words: ballads; Bangsamoro; hypernegative peace; memory; women

Coyoca, Gloria Shiela E. 1, *, Poblete, Mae-Lanie O. 1,  Seno, Reya T. 1 , Butalid, Roselyn M.1, Tabil, Vincent G. 1, Paler, Elvie A. 1

 1College of Health Sciences/ Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City/Lanao del Norte, Philippines

*gloriashiela.coyoca@g.msuiit.edu.ph

Abstract:  Globally, there are 1.3 billion persons with disabilities (PWDs). In the Philippines, PWDs constitute 1.44 million individuals, accounting for 1.57% of the total population. PWDs face a multitude of challenges across various dimensions of life, including income, education, employment, housing, transportation, and access to healthcare  services, leading to unmet healthcare needs and disparities. Addressing challenges is crucial for advancing Sustainable Development Goals 1, 2, 3, and 10 namely poverty eradication, hunger end, healthy living, and inequality reduction. This study was conducted to assess the specific needs of individuals with disabilities in Iligan City. Using a descriptive survey design, the research explored the needs of PWDs, employing total enumeration sampling from 246 respondents who participated in a PWD meeting at an Elementary School in Tubod, Iligan City. Data analysis was carried out  using Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20, utilizing two main methods:  (a) frequency analysis to determine the occurrence of data values, and (b) percentage analysis to calculate the  distribution of personally related variables among the subjects. Key findings indicated that 21% of physically handicapped individuals, 25.5% of visually impaired respondents, and approximately 21% of those with hearing and speech impairments had completed high school. Additionally, rates of moderate depression were reported among 10% of physically handicapped respondents, 3% of visually impaired individuals, and 9% of those with hearing and speech impairments. Common health issues included hypertension, diabetes, and eye problems. Cooking, dressmaking, and massage were identified as preferred skills for training, while financial support emerged as a critical need. In response to these findings, the researchers developed the HOPE (Hinabang, Opportunidad, Paglaum, Edukasyon) Program for PWDs. This initiative aims to address the identified needs through targeted interventions tailored to enhance the well-being and empower PWDs in Iligan City.

Keywords—Disabilities; education; healthcare services; PWDs; SDGs 1,2,4, 10

Artchil C. Daug1* and Ashera Dyan N. Daug2

 1 Department of History, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology

2 Independent Researcher and Gamer

*artchil.daug@g.msuiit.edu.ph

Abstract:  This study explores the development of Marvel Heroes as a case study in collaborative development between game developers and players, providing a model for real-world applications. It examines how player experiences within the game’s virtual environment can inform and shape development processes, while remaining  applicable to broader development contexts. The scope of the study focuses on the in-game dynamics and interactions among players and developers, intentionally delimiting external factors like real-life demographics and motivations. Utilizing a virtual ethnographic approach and phenomenology, the research involved extensive participant observation, including both passive and active engagement within the game and its forums. The findings highlight the effectiveness of a collaborative model where player feedback directly influences game development. The study reveals that player experiences, particularly through the construction and optimization of hero Builds, play a pivotal role in shaping the game’s evolution. This interaction exemplifies how grassroots involvement can drive development in a virtual setting, offering insights for real-world development projects. The study concludes that the Marvel Heroes model demonstrates a successful approach to integrating community feedback into development, suggesting that similar models could enhance collaboration and effectiveness in other development projects. This model underscores the potential of virtual environments to offer practical frameworks for real-world development partnerships.

Key Words: Virtual Collaboration; Development Model; Player-Developer Interaction; Virtual Ethnography; Community-Driven Development 

Resa Mae C. Laygan1*, Martha Joy J. Abing1, Gerrich Aldin C. Babanto1, Charlyn M. Capulong1, Maria Rizalia Y. Teves1, Julita W. Bokingo2, 

Safa Manala-O3, Earvin John Medina3,

and Gilceline Dingding4

1Department of Economics, MSU – Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines

 2Gender and Development -City Mayor’s Office (GAD-CMO), Local Government of Iligan

3Department of Marketing, MSU – Iligan Institute of Technology

4Department of Hospitality Tourism Management, MSU – Iligan Institute of Technology

*Corresponding Author: resamae.laygan@g.msuiit.edu.ph

Abstract: Women leaders have a vital role in leading their associations for sustainability. Developing their capacities and skills through relevant training is necessary to achieve the goals and mission of their associations. This paper assesses the training needs of key women leaders who are presidents or officers of different women's associations in Iligan City. A total of 170 key women leaders participated in the survey and were selected through random sampling. The survey was conducted in collaboration with the Gender and Development City Mayor’s Office (GAD-CMO) of the local government unit (LGU) in Iligan City. Descriptive statistics were employed to analyze the data. The study found that the majority of respondents have a high need for training, specifically in leadership, financial literacy, and enterprise development, as well as in bookkeeping and product costing. The high need for leadership training is highlighted by the challenges faced by these leaders when they lead their associations. Additionally, the high need for financial literacy and enterprise +development is supported by the findings in the survey that most of the respondents have a low level of financial literacy despite possessing moderately high levels of entrepreneurial competencies. Overall, the results of the training need assessment suggest that most of the key women leaders exhibit a strong desire for skill enhancement, aiming to bolster their capabilities in effectively managing and growing their associations. Addressing these training needs could be vital to empowering these leaders and contributing to the larger goals of their associations and the communities they serve.

Key Words: key women leaders; training needs; women associations 

Cecilia B. Tangian, PhD. 1*, et.al., Celyn J. Teatro 2

 1 Department of History, MSU-IIT

2 Department of History, MSU-IIT

* macecilia.tangian@g.msuiit.edu.ph

celyn.junio@g.msuiit.edu.ph

Abstract: This study showcases significant aspects of contemporary Mindanao history through a curated photo collection by retired Professor Rudy B. Rodil. The collection consists of over 3,000 still photos, representing the culmination of his ethnographic research, involvements, and contributions to the GRP-MNLF negotiating panel during his time as a faculty member in the Department of History from 1980 to 2017. The photos capture local and international forums and discussions attended by Prof. Rodil and his colleagues as part of the peace process.

Photographs are invaluable for scholarly research, enabling a deeper understanding of historical periods, providing visual context, comprehension of the environment, atmosphere, and the people involved, and preserving moments and artifacts that might otherwise be lost. However, photographs can deteriorate over time, requiring careful preservation and restoration efforts. The Department of History then worked in digitizing these photographs to ensure easy access for both students and faculty. These images have been organized chronologically, digitized, and securely stored. Employing oral history methodology, the department has provided context and insights into the photographs through a series of interviews with Professor Rodil and other sources. Verification and authentication of information provided by key informants were also carried out. The research has shown that photographs particularly Prof. Rodil’s collection serve as a valuable form of documentation, allowing us to reflect on these significant events and recognize Professor Rodil’s contributions as essential in understanding the contemporary history of Mindanao and the broader history of the Philippines.

Key Words: Prof. Rodil; GRP-MNLF peace process; Photo-collection; Mindanao history

Cecilia B. Tangian, Manolita O. Regalado,

Marjorie Almario-Magdadaro, Jamelyn B. Palattao,

John Leandro Reyes, Elmar B. Albios

Department of History, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology

cecilia.tangian@g.msuiit.edu.ph

Abstract: This research project presents images of Mindanao history through the photo-collections of Prof. Jamail A. Kamlian, using the approach of photohistory. It aims to answer the following questions: 1. What were the different roles and responsibilities that Prof. Kamlian assumed that contributed to the interests of Mindanao and its diverse people? 2. How do the Kamlian photo-collections present images of Mindanao histories? 3. Why are photographs significant as material documents in historiography? Through qualitative methods which include photo-documentations, photo-elicitation technique and key informant interviews, the research which started in May 2023 and concluded in June 2024, was able to gather photographs as material documents, which are categorized based on Prof. Kamlian’s Sulu, Maguindanao, International, National and Student Support Engagements. These five photo-documentations contain captions and syntheses based on researchers’ etic perspectives and research participants’ oral histories. They were able to provide glimpses of various aspects of Mindanao history that define and distinguish peoples and places based on differences of cultures and contexts, with the examples of Sulu and Maguindanao historical experiences. Faculty and students in the academe are producing and transferring knowledge through different platforms such as Prof. Kamlian’s paper presentations and conference participation in the country and abroad. This historical data, however, does not reflect the testimonial narratives of the people in photographs, thus, it is recommended that they would be included. Nevertheless, the photographs are not diminished in their historical value as material documents that store collective memories of a peoples’ past.

Key words:  photohistory; Mindanao history; Jamail A. Kamlian; MSU-IIT

Rey Luis A. Montesclaros

Department of History, College of Arts and Social Science-MSU-IIT

*reyluis.montesclaros@g.msuiit.edu.ph

Abstract: The Pact of Biak-na-Bato was signed on December 15, 1897. Aguinaldo and the revolutionaries departed for Hong Kong on December 24, 1897 with a down payment of 400,000 Mexican dollars. In Lake Lanao however an unrestricted warfare continued being conducted by the Spaniards using four heavily armed steamships and several barges and it went on even after the outbreak of the Spanish American War , the defeat of the main Spanish pacific fleet of Patricio Montojo and the signing of the Treaty of Paris. The capture of Marawi on 10 March 1895 was only the beginning of more intense Maranao Resistance. The Cottas of Marawi fell on March 1895 in the attack made by General Parrado leading 5,000 men.

The steam gunships General Blanco and Lanao and the Almonte and Corcuera. Acquired by Royal orderof 12 Aug.1895 through the Ministry of War was manned by Navy personnel. Its transport in pieces after being dismantled in Iligan until it arrived in Lake Lanao was most difficult. The moment these warships however were operational the Spaniards began to control the traffic of Maranao native vessels in the area and attacked by bombardment and landing troops the communities found the lakeshore. The Maranao warriors resisted with all their might against these intrusions and counter attacked the Spanish forces until they retreated back to Iligan in December of 1898.

Key Words: Lake Lanao, Maranao, Spanish Navy, Steam Ships, Resistance

Phyllis Marie S. Teanco

Jonel Caba

College of Arts and Social Sciences

MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology

Abstract:  This study investigates the capacity assessment of the Cagayan de Oro Risk Reduction Management Office (CDRRMO) in terms of human resources, organizational structure, leadership and governance. In the conduct of the study, the researcher utilizes key informant interview with the DRRMO staff of the City of Cagayan De Oro, head of Personnel Department and the director of the DRRMO. The researcher employs qualitative method approach in the analysis of the gathered data and documentary analysis of the DRRM plan. Local government units (LGUs) in the Philippines are in the frontlines of disaster management. The passage of R.A. 10121 or the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010, requires LGUs to craft DRRM action plans, assemble local DRRM offices (LDRRMO), and develop and implement policies and programs on disaster preparedness, risk assessment, search and rescue, and evacuation. The law also mandates local governments to allocate and utilize public funds for disaster preparedness. Given this policy development, local governments and communities need to build their capacities on disaster risk reduction and management. While some cities, municipalities, and barangays have complied with the minimum requirements of the DRRM law, there is large capacity disparity between LGUs, which are disaster prepared and those that are not. With limited resources, usually dependent on national  government income transfers, low income LGUs are most vulnerable to disasters.

Keywords: disaster risk reduction and management, local disaster and preparedness 

Johniel Babiera1.2, Daisy Lou Polestico*1,2,

Francis Ann Emmanuel Arcamo1,2, AJ Jhones

Lacubtan1,2, John Conrad Seg Maisog1,2 and Dinah Dumaguing1,2

1Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology

2PRISM-Center for Computational Analytics and Modeling

*Corresponding Author: daisylou.polestico@g.msuiit.edu.ph

 Abstract: Admission to higher education institutions often requires passing a comprehensive entrance exam and submitting details about academic history, demographics, and socioeconomic background. Instead of merely collecting this data, institutions can analyze it to gain valuable insights that enhance the admission process. By using student profiling systems to analyze educational data, institutions can identify key factors influencing academic success and account for them, leading to more effective and holistic evaluations of applicants. In this study, the academic profiles of students admitted to Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology (MSU-IIT) as freshmen during the 2018-2019 academic year were examined using data segmentation methods. K-means and agglomerative nesting (AGNES) algorithms were employed to classify students into four distinct clusters based on academic performance: Cluster 1 (primarily  shiftees), Cluster 2 (poor-performing students), Cluster 3A (consistently good-performing students), and Cluster 3B (strong major course performance, struggles in minor courses). The profiling analysis revealed significant variations among the clusters in high school grades, track/strand, sex and overall scores on the MSU- System Admission and Scholarship Examination (MSU-SASE), as well as in its specific components: Aptitude (AP), Mathematics (MA), and Language (LU).

Key Words: education; admission; clustering; student performance; student profiling

Marlo C. Novino1,*, Joana Marie E. Pujanes1, Abdullah R. Sirad1,

Mark Ronie O. Durog1, Dorina Marie E. Ytang2,

and Richelle C. Gonida2

1 Department of Business and Innovation, College of Economics, Business, and Accountancy

Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology

2 Department of Science and Technology-PSTO Lanao del Norte

*marlo.novino@g.msuiit.edu.ph

Abstract: Halal has evolved from a religious concept to a lifestyle, encompassing not only dietary restrictions but also nutrition, safety, quality, and sanitation. For both Muslim and non-Muslim consumers, halal ensures their religious beliefs and consumer rights are respected, instilling confidence in the products they consume. In the Philippines, the halal industry is concentrated in Mindanao, an island with 22 million people, 20% of whom are Muslim, and it has a sizeable untapped non-Muslim market. There is limited theory-driven research on halal purchasing, especially on the relationships between halal awareness, certification, and marketing factors. Using the Theory of Planned Behavior and Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling, data were collected from non-Muslim consumers in Iligan City and Cagayan de Oro City to explore halal product attributes influencing purchase intention. Our model explained 72.10% of the variance in purchase intention, higher than previous studies. The higher-order construct of halal product attributes (R2 = 0.597) showed substantial explanatory power, with valid dimensions including brand, product safety, quality, price, and promotions. Attitude, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms also positively influenced purchase intention. However, halal certification negatively moderated the relationship between product attributes and purchase intention, while buying attitude partially mediated this effect. This suggests that these qualities alone do not drive purchase intentions; instead, marketing efforts should emphasize these halal attributes to foster positive perceptions and increase purchase intention among non-Muslim consumers.

Key Words: Halal product attributes; Halal Philippines; non-Muslim; Halal certification; Purchase intention

Sulpecia L. Ponce, Irene A. Estrada

MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology

Abstract: RA 10068 (as amended) is a legal guidepost to spearhead the implementation of organic agriculture in the Philippines. The law mandated that all agricultural systems promote a sustainable practice using the lens of ecologically sound, socially acceptable, economically viable, and technically feasible production of farm-to-table food. Studies show that program implementers are not gaining enough inroads in their efforts to promote farmland conversion to organic agriculture in the country. This study investigates the status of farm conversion of Lanao Norte farmers to organic farming and the reasons behind their decision to adopt the system, the issues and concerns they face and recommendations for its successful implementation. This is a qualitative study which covers 12 out of 22 municipalities of Lanao Del Norte. The primary sources of data were 36 organic farmers and 23 program implementers as key informants. Results show the average land converted to organic agriculture (OA) in the covered municipalities is only 2.428 hectares, way below the 5% prescribed in the law based on the total agricultural land area per municipality. Among the 12 municipalities studied, only Kauswagan has a policy-integrated implementation of OA as a flagship program to combat poverty, food insecurity and armed conflict. It mobilizes its limited funding and staff support to monitor the farmers’ OA compliance. In general, the farmers find OA beneficial to their health and wellbeing, ensures food availability, requires affordable farm input, and protects environmental integrity. However, there are issues raised in the OA implementation like laborious production process, low productivity, confusing policy direction, pest infestation, lack of farm input, and price support for marketing. Also, full OA implementation is hampered by climate change and synthetically contaminated water sources. The farmers and implementers recommended strong coordination of local government and farmers, government support on supplies and farm input subsidy, policies on sustainable and integrated system for farming, pricing incentives for OA products, trading post for product with the government as direct buyer.

Keywords: Organic farming, farmland conversion to organic farming, sustainable agriculture, challenges of organic farming